I,

Capsaicin, whose chemical name is trans-8-methyl-N-vanillyl-6-nonenamide and whose chemical formula is C18H27NO3, is the active component of chili peppers. It is irritating to mammals including humans and can cause burning in the mouth. Burning sensation. Capsaicin is the active component of chili peppers. It is a vanilloidamine derivative, accounting for about 70% of capsaicinoids, and is the main determinant of spiciness. The chemical name of capsaicin is trans-8-methyl-N-vanillyl-6-nonenylphthalamine. It is easily soluble in lipids and insoluble in water. It is colorless and odorless in the form of crystalline or waxy compounds. exist. Studies have shown that capsaicin can give people a spicy sensation, and has certain effects in relieving fatigue, lowering blood sugar and lipids, protecting the gastrointestinal tract, relieving pain, resisting radiation, and treating cancer. Although an appropriate amount of capsaicin can bring benefits to the human body, excessive intake of capsaicin is still harmful to the human body. This article explains the mode of action and various efficient applications of capsaicin, and emphasizes the rational use of capsaicin to exert its effects in a targeted manner based on its dosage and intake time.

Kapsaicin je aktivna sestavina v čiliju papriki. Draži za sesalce% 2c vključno z ljudmi % 2c in lahko proizvede a pekoč občutek v ustih. kapsaicin in nekatere sorodne spojine% 2c tudi znano kot kapsaicin % 2c so sekundarni metaboliti proizvajajo paprike in lahko služijo kot a odvračanje rastlinojedcem. Ptice v na splošno niso občutljive na čili paprike.

II,kapsaicin aplikacija

1. Kot a hrana aditiv. Kot a hrana začimba, čili paprika potreba biti rahlo predelana narediti čili omaka, itd. Vendar, ko te izdelki se porabijo, kapsaicin mošt gredo a izpiranje proces, in biološka uporabnost kapsaicin je ni visoka. A enako čas, alkalija nadaljuje se sprošča v črevesju, dražilno črevesno stena, povzroča trebuh nelagodje, celo analno pekoč, in povzročanje hemoroidov. Zato je 2c kapsaicin ekstrahiran in ločen od paprike in uporabljen kot dodatek v hrani predelavi% 2c kar je koristno za nadzor pikantnosti in popolno absorpcijo in uporabo kapsaicina.

2. V smislu medicine in zdravja oskrbe% 3a moja država je ena od prvih držav za uporabo poper kot zdravilo. V tradicionalni kitajski medicini % 2c poper se uporablja za zdravljenje želodca prehlada % 2c revmatizem in druge bolezni. Sodobne raziskave kažejo , da ima kapsaicin učinke proti vnetju, analgezija% 2c anestezija in razstrupljanje. Njegov analgetik učinek je enak kot da od morfija% 2c vendar to je bolj trajen kot morfij. Lahko zdravi post-herpetično nevralgijo, trigeminalno nevralgijo in diabetično nevralgijo. , revmatoidno artritis, osteoartritis, luskavica, alopecija, itd. Ima pomembno kurativno učinek. In dodatek, kapsaicin lahko tudi zavira pojav malignih tumorjev in ima posebne učinke na zdravljenje kožo bolezni, hujšanje, itd.

3. Uporabljeni v morskih protiobraščajočih premazih: Nekateri pritrjeni organizmi v oceanu, takšni kot školjki, morske alge, školjke, itd., so pritrjeni na dno dno ladje, boje, doki, most pomoli, morska voda cevovodi in vzreja kletke in mreže. Zbog njihovej količine To je ogromno in raste zelo hitro, ki lahko upočasni navzdol ladje, povečaj gorivo, pospešiti kovina korozija, blok cevovodi in kletka mreže, neravnovesje pod vodo objekti, itd., povzročanje velika škoda človeku razvoj ocean. Kapsaicin deluje kao a repelent , ima a močan odbojen učinek, ne ubija morsko življenje, in ima očitno ekološko koristi.

4. As an anti-termite and anti-rat repellent in wires and cables: PVC and polyethylene are increasingly used as insulation and sheathing materials in the wire and cable industry. In addition to being damaged by oxygen, heat, light, force, and chemical erosion, they In addition, it can also be eaten by termites, mice or hares, causing power outages, communication interruptions, and even short circuits that can cause fires. The strong pungent taste of capsaicin can strongly stimulate the oral mucosa and taste nerves of rodents. It hates chewing and can kill termites at the same time, so it has broad application prospects in wires and cables.

III,Mehanizem delovanje kapsaicina

1. kapsaicin receptorji in njihove funkcije

Kapsaicin veže v v VR1 in aktivira a membrana ion kanal neposredno povezano v receptor,, ki je a relativno nespecifično kation kanal. Po kanalu je odprto, v glavnem kalcijevi ioni (in tudi natrij ioni) vstop celica, kalij ioni zapusti celica, in nekaj klorid ioni tudi vstop celica do ravnovesje naboj. VR1--vezani kanali so različni od napetostno zaprti kanali v to ti oni ne morejo biti blokirani z natrijem, kalijem, ali kalcijem kanalom blokatorji. Ampak to to to je lahko blokirano z rutenij rdeče. kapsaicin homolog gumi lipotoksin izolirano iz lateks od Evforija gumija rastline lahko tudi aktivirati VR1 in ima a a več močan učinek. Kapsaicin je a kompetitivni antagonist VR1, but it ne povzroča vzrok bolečina ali analgezija sama. To pomeni da to to ne ni ima a ustrezno ligand ki veže na bolečina mesto.

odzivi primarnih senzoričnih živčnih celic v VR1-}negativnih miši kultiviranih in vitro do različnih škodljivih dražljajev so bili hudo oslabljeni. Zato, nekateri ljudje verjamejo da VR1 igra a ključ vloga v prenosu več vrstah škodljivih dražljajih, in celo verjamejo da je VR1 bistvena zaznava zaznavanje.

2. Ion kanali in ion tokovi

In in vitro cell culture experiments, activating VR1 on the cell membrane of rat dorsal root ganglion can observe a uniform intracellular calcium ion influx. This process involves a rapid increase in intracellular calcium (a few minutes) followed by a long period of recovery (tens of minutes). Compared with the activation of voltage-gated calcium channels in the same cell by potassium ion depolarization, the magnitude and speed of the increase in intracellular calcium concentration caused by VR1 activation are similar, but the return of calcium ions to resting levels is much slower. many. Studies using mitochondrial decoupling agents have found that mitochondria play a buffering role in intracellular calcium ions during this process. When there is a large influx of extracellular calcium ions, the mitochondria absorb sodium and calcium ions. When the calcium ions in the cytoplasm are restored, the mitochondria release calcium ions, which prolongs the recovery time. During this long recovery process, nerve cells become unresponsive to both extracellular potassium ions and capsaicin. This may be related to the desensitizing effects of capsaicin and the memory of pain. Artificially cloned and expressed VR1 can be activated by vanillin compounds, hydrogen ions, heat greater than 43 degree , and acid (pH Less than or equal to 5.9). Therefore, some people believe that VR1 is a molecular complex that causes pain due to chemical and physical stimulation. There are also experimental results that do not support this hypothesis. Nagy et al. used electrophysiology and ion current measurement methods to compare the cell membrane responses of rat primary sensory cells to capsaicin and noxious thermal stimulation, and confirmed that the properties of ion channels activated by capsaicin or thermal stimulation have many similarities. , but there is also an important difference, that is, the calcium ion permeability of heat-activated channels is lower than that of capsaicin-activated channels. Channels that respond to thermal stimuli or capsaicin are monosensitive, and only a few ion channels are dually sensitive to heat and capsaicin. At the whole-cell level, each cell can respond to heat or capsaicin. It can be inferred that the molecular essence of cellular responses caused by capsaicin and heat stimulation is different, which may be related to the multiple subtypes of VR1.

3. Nevropeptid sproščanje

Čili poper aktivira VR1 % 2c odpre kalcij kanali% 2c pritok kalcij ioni % 2c in poveča koncentracijo kalcijevih ionov v citoplazmi % 2c povzroča nevrone in njihova vlakna do sproščanja nevropeptidov% 2c takšne kot snov P% 2c nevrokinin A% 2c kalcitonin genski povezan peptid % 2c in kri žile. Aktivni črevesni peptidi in ekscitatorni amino kisline kot glutamat in aspartat. Specifičen mehanizem katerega kapsaicina povzroči živčne celice do sproščanja snovi P je še popolno razumljen. V poskusih na v vitro kulturi podgane hrbtno korenine ganglijoni celice, to bilo je najdeno da kapsaicin lahko povzroči sproščanje snovi P skozi dva mehanizma: ena se zanaša na zunajcelične kalcijevi ione in sinaptosomalno spajanje protein 25Kpa (SNAP-25); na drugi roki, v odsotnosti zunajceličnih kalcijevih ionov in brez SNAP-25-, kapsaicin lahko tudi uspešno stimulira ganglij celice do sproščanje snov P.

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